As a result, the individual had to take anti-rejection drugs that suppressed the immune system. Human genes were added, and some pig genes were removed, but the heart still essentially comprised pig cells within a pig scaffold.
The patient received a pig heart that had been gene-edited. And xenotransplantation – the process by which nonhuman animal organs are transplanted into humans – opened doors for all scientists in this field. Let me be clear: Any heart is better than no heart. Why is it better to build a heart from scratch using pig scaffolding instead? In 2022, a pig heart that had been genetically engineered to reduce rejection and improve acceptance was transplanted into a human. In a human body, this happens during development we had to reproduce that capacity in the lab. To be a heart, these cells need to be placed into a form that lets them become a unified organ, to mature and to be able to pump blood. But while the cells are alive and beat, they are not a heart. The first time I saw heart cells beating in a dish it was life-changing. We employed this method to obtain billions and billions of heart cells. After that, the team used chemicals to “differentiate” them into heart cells. My team and I employed this method to obtain stem cells, then grew those cells into billions.
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Shinya Yamanaka discovered a method to make stem cells out of blood or skin cells from an adult. They can also form into specialized cells – in this case, heart cells. Stem cells, on the other hand, do divide. If they did, hearts could likely repair themselves.
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Stacked on top of one another, they would amount to 2 billion lines of cells, or enough to fill seven movie screens. If you lined up the cells needed for an average-size 350-gram human heart, they would stretch for 41,000 miles. What role do stem cells play in creating a heart? The cell-free heart can then be seeded with new cells – in this case, a patient’s cells – thus forming a personalized heart. This process is called perfusion decellurization. To remove the cells, the pig heart is gently washed through its blood vessels with a mild detergent to remove the cells. And structures from pig hearts such as valves have been used in humans safely. Both have four chambers – two atria and two ventricles – responsible for pumping blood. Pig hearts are similar to human hearts in terms of their size and structure. So my team and I went with the next best thing: a pig heart. A human heart wouldn’t work as a scaffold because so few are available to work with. It’s called a ghost heart because removing the cells causes the heart to turn from red to white. All that remains is the heart framework, or scaffolding. The ghost heart is a heart whose cells have been removed. What is the so-called “ghost heart”? How does it work? About 18% of people die in the first year after a transplant.
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